摘要
膜分离技术具有分离效率高、易控制、无污染等优点,成为水处理技术的首要选择。商品有机膜主要为聚砜类、聚偏氟乙烯类合成高分子膜和再生纤维素及其衍生物类天然高分子膜。本文在对不同分离膜的优缺点及应用领域概述的基础上,对再生纤维素微滤膜、超滤膜和纳滤膜的制备、化学改性及应用现状进行了综述,进而阐述了分离性能、力学性能及抗污染性能对再生纤维素膜在水处理中的影响与研究进展。
水体污染的严重化及人口数量增长的严峻趋势,人们对于洁净的饮用水的需求与日俱增,为满足日益增长的清洁水需求,迫切需要寻找有效的水处理材料和技
分离膜在膜技术中扮演着非常重要的角色,其能将废水中的有机物、微生物、金属离子等分离处理,从而达到净水的效果。广泛应用于水处理的分离膜原料以聚砜
制备分离膜的原料繁多,根据市场上广泛使用的有机分离膜,主要分为有机合成高分子膜和天然高分子膜两大类。
有机合成高分子膜是一类以石油加工的下游产品(如聚砜类、聚酰胺、聚烯烃、含氟类聚合物等)为原料,所制备的具有分离效果的膜。不同的材料所具有的特性有所差异,这也使得这些膜材料应用于不同的领域,如
天然高分子膜是以纤维素及其衍生物、壳聚糖为原料经溶解-再生过程制备的分离
葡萄糖单体通过-1,4-苷键连接成长链组成纤维素分子,平衡状态时纤维素大分子长链相互间的几何排列特征使得纤维素获得超分子结构,结构式如

图1 纤维素分子结构式
纤维素稳定的结构性质也决定了它不溶于一般溶剂,溶解纤维制备再生纤维素膜的传统溶剂主要有铜乙二胺和CS2/NaOH,然而这两种制备方法过程会产生较大的污染,研究者们开始研发新型的溶剂溶解纤维素制备再生纤维素膜。目前,溶解纤维素的体系有NaOH/尿
再生纤维素膜是将纤维素溶解在纤维素溶剂中,通过挤出或凝胶成膜的方式制得的一种具有多孔结构的分离膜。制备的再生纤维素膜具有有机合成高分子膜无法比拟的优点,如易降解、易改性、生物相容性好
再生纤维素膜的膜孔受其制备工艺调控,根据膜的孔径特征可以划分为微滤、超滤、纳滤,不同孔径过滤的物质也有所不同,基于此,也应用于不同的领域,如
微滤膜的过滤孔径为0.01~10 m,在水处理应用中,常应用于饮用水生产的预处理或初级阶段,一般要结合其他工艺才能起到保障饮用水水质的作用,工业上,微滤也应用于废水处理中的油水分
超滤膜孔径范围为0.001~0.02m,能够分离去除大分子的蛋白质、粒径大于2~20 nm的颗粒,对微生物具有一定的截留效
纳滤膜的MWCOs在200~1000之间,其孔径范围为1~10 nm,可有效去除重金属、降低总溶解固体(TDS)及软化水质
分离膜的膜孔不同,应用的领域也有所差别,但是应用于水处理的分离膜应具备良好的分离性能(高水通量及高截留率)、抗污染性能及抗菌性。Kallioinen等
再生纤维素膜在溶解过程中结晶度下降,膜内的纤维素分子之间仅靠氢键连接,自身强度较低,相互间作用力较弱。因此,所制备的再生纤维素膜的力学性能较差,在制备膜组件时,容易破损,从而无法使用。余光华等
在进行水处理中,水中的微生物沉积于分离膜表面,微生物生长与繁殖的过程会产生分泌物,堆积于膜孔中,堵塞膜孔,导致膜组件的膜通量降低。因此,微生物引起的膜污染限制了膜技术应用于水处理。Benavente等
此外,针对分离膜的膜孔堵塞问题,研究者发现先进行一些预处理(混凝、吸附等),而后进行膜过滤,能缓解水处理过程中的膜污染问题,从而延长分离膜的使用寿
纤维素来源广泛,选择相应的试剂将其溶解制备的再生纤维素膜具有有机合成高分子膜不可比拟的优势,如亲水性、易化学改性及生物相容性好,被视为一种具有良好发展前景的膜材料。未来,要将再生纤维素膜制备成膜组件应用到水处理需要解决膜本身的问题:①再生纤维素膜的水通量/渗透量低。凝固液、凝固液的温度及纤维素溶剂影响膜的孔径,在制备再生纤维素膜的过程中应避免这些因素影响,以达到高的膜通量与截留率。②再生纤维素膜的力学性能相比聚砜类等分离膜低,制备膜组件时容易受损,需要对再生纤维素膜进行改性以提高膜的力学性能。③水中细菌易在再生纤维素膜上滋生引起膜污染,因此,需要对再生纤维素膜进行改性或者进行预处理,使其具有良好的抗菌性。
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