摘要
高分子复合絮凝剂近年来发展迅速并成为研究的热点。本文总结了无机高分子-无机高分子复合絮凝剂、无机高分子-有机高分子复合絮凝剂、有机高分子-有机高分子复合絮凝剂和微生物复合絮凝剂的絮凝机理,综述了国内外高分子复合絮凝剂在废水处理中应用的研究进展,并指出高分子复合絮凝剂未来研究的重点。
由于森林资源的有限与环境保护的迫切需求,废纸再回收利用日益受到重视。回收废纸代替原生纸浆造纸,已在全世界范围获得广泛应
高分子复合絮凝剂是由两种或两种以上的絮凝剂复配而成,高分子复合絮凝剂包括无机高分子-无机高分子、无机高分子-有机高分子、有机高分子-有机有机高分子和微生物高分子复合絮凝剂等。
无机高分子复合絮凝剂的主要成分是铝、铁、硅化合物。它们可以在结合前单独羟基化,也可以在混合后再羟基化。形成复合材料的目的是进一步提高无机高分子絮凝剂的絮凝性能和稳定性。无机高分子-无机高分子复合絮凝剂主要是在聚铝、聚铁和聚硅酸等无机高分子絮凝剂制备过程中引入F
无机高分子-有机高分子复合絮凝剂的絮凝作用主要为高分子的桥联作用,并且大多为高分子质量线性聚合物,分子质量高,官能团多具有很强的吸附能力;再结合无机高分子絮凝剂强的电中和能力和有机絮凝剂吸附架桥作用,发挥长链大分子强烈的拖拉、网捕作用,克服单一絮凝剂的不足,达到了较好的絮凝处理效
两种或两种以上有机高分子聚合物复合使用,其作用机理主要除了单一高分子的桥联吸附作用外,两种有机高分子复合使用以发挥多种高分子聚合物的协同作用,达到提高絮凝作用和降低絮凝剂使用成本的目的。
微生物高分子复合絮凝剂是由一类微生物(许多微生物,包括藻类、细菌、酵母菌和真菌)产生,含有多糖、糖蛋白、蛋白质和脂质的细胞外生物聚合物,可将废水中不易降解的固体悬浮颗粒凝聚和沉淀的特殊高分子代谢产物。
微生物高分子复合絮凝剂絮凝理论主要有荚膜学说、纤维素纤丝学说、电中和作用机理、疏水学说和胞外聚合物架桥学说等。荚膜学说认为细胞生长过程中形成了黏性荚膜,可以黏连颗粒形成絮体;纤维素纤丝学说认为菌体外的纤丝直接参与了絮凝,纤丝把颗粒连结到一起,形成絮团;疏水学说认为细菌表面的疏水性与絮凝过程相关,颗粒与细胞表面的疏水作用对细菌的黏附至关重要;胞外聚合物架桥学说认为细菌体外的聚合物是絮凝产生的物质基础,这些物质与颗粒表面相互作用,从而产生絮凝作
通过向无机高分子聚铝盐中引入SO4
Gao等
近年来,研究者们开展了对聚铁盐无机高分子复合絮凝剂的制备及应用的研究工作。聚铁硅絮凝剂(PFSC)含有较多的具有良好凝聚效果的反应性铁和聚硅酸,在胶体的絮凝过程中可同时发生静电中和、吸附架桥及网捕3种作用。聚铁硅絮凝剂结合了聚硅酸和聚合铁的优点,其絮凝性能优于单独的聚硅酸和聚合铁,而且具有原料来源广、价格低廉、絮凝效果好等优点,同时还具有更好地去除高浊废水浊度和低温除浊性能,在造纸废水处理中将有极大的应用前景。许佩瑶等
Wang等
废水处理中,研究者发现聚铝盐的卷扫性能好、絮体大,但存在密度小、沉降慢的缺点,聚铝盐中引入密度较大的F
刘永等
杨硕等
无机高分子-有机高分子复合絮凝剂是指在一定条件下通过物理化学反应改变了原有的成分组成,形成了一种新的稳定结构高分子聚合物;生成这种复合体系需要复配组分能形成稳定的互溶体系,同时各组分又能产生明显的协同增效作
无机高分子与聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝剂絮凝机理主要是由聚丙烯酰胺的强架桥作用来协同增效无机高分子阳离子强电中和作用和架桥作
Moussas等
近年来,壳聚糖及其衍生物因其广泛的应用性、环境友好性、生物降解性和突出的结构特点作为絮凝剂在水处理中的应用受到了广泛的关注。通过用无机高分子对壳聚糖基絮凝剂的复合改性,可以得到结构合理的壳聚糖类絮凝剂,在造纸废水处理中具有很大的应用潜
Zeng等
聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵( PDADMAC) 是一种高效阳离子有机絮凝剂,正电荷密度较高,高效无毒,水溶性好,不易受环境影响。采用PDADMAC 复合改性无机絮凝剂制备无机高分子-有机高分子絮凝剂已有一些报
Gao等
Wang等
双聚合物体系与使用单一聚合物相比,具有显著的优势。预吸附聚合物有两个重要作用:①为第二种聚合物提供吸附位置;②由于“位置阻塞”导致更大范围的吸附构
天然高分子与合成高分子接枝共混复合絮凝剂,主要是天然高分子壳聚糖及其衍生物、纤维素及其衍生物和淀粉及其衍生物等天然高分子与合成高分子聚合物接枝共混构成的复合高分子絮凝
Yang等
Wang等
Das等
合成高分子及其接枝共混复合絮凝剂主要是由不同离子性质的聚丙烯酰胺与PDADMAC、聚胺、PAE等合成高分子接枝共混形成的高分子复合絮凝剂。
吕文彬等
Razali等
微生物高分子絮凝剂具有应用范围广、絮凝活性高、安全无毒、不污染环境的优点;但同时存在产量小、生产成本高的缺点;通过与其他高分子絮凝剂复合使用可以克服微生物絮凝剂自身缺
将微生物高分子絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合使用,利用PAC的高阳离子度,通过电中和作用吸附大量阴离子微粒,再通过微生物高分子絮凝剂的架桥作用快速絮凝沉降。
Huang等
将3种或3种以上的高分子絮凝剂通过共混、共聚或接枝形成一种含3个以上絮凝活性中心的絮凝剂称为多元复合絮凝剂,该类复合絮凝剂具有官能团多、协同作用强的优点;可以处理复杂工业废水,也可以用于处理造纸废水。
Lin等
高分子复合絮凝剂的研究近年来发展迅速,在其性能、絮凝机理等研究成果基础上研发出了一些新型、高效的高分子复合絮凝剂,取得较好的应用效果。但在去除废水悬浮和溶解杂质、重金属以及颜色或染料分子方面的性能仍然有较大提升空间。同时高分子复合絮凝剂在应用范围、能源消耗、技术可操作性、投资运行费用等方面还存在着一定的局限
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