摘要
在古纸以往的研究中,对古纸中涂层和涂料的判断主要依赖显微镜观察和表面元素分析,在解释现象和解读数据方面存在一定的主观性。本研究首次将计算机显微断层扫描技术(Micro-Computed Tomography,简称扫描CT)和拉曼光谱联合应用于清代和近现代手工纸涂层和涂料鉴别。结果表明,扫描CT能准确判断涂层的有无并区分单面涂布和双面涂布,拉曼光谱可以鉴别涂层中的涂料(以及其他物质)。两种方法完全无损,对涂层和涂料的鉴别结果清楚,判断标准明确,其联合使用可为研究涂布纸的制作工艺开拓新思路。
在1798年第一台造纸
对古代手工纸涂料最早的科学分析,来自威斯纳(Julius Wiesner)博士1911年的研
学术界对我国古代涂布纸的研究,尚有两点不足:一是研究方法不足以明确涂层的存在与否或涂层的分布状
选取手工纸样5个:①清代蜡笺,紫红色,编号QP;②清康熙年间的冷金笺,深红色,编号QR;③清代蜡笺,黄色,编号QY;④1999年生产的“皇冠”牌手工生宣纸,编号ENA#1;⑤手工竹纸,编号ENA#3。3个清代纸样均由中国印刷博物馆提供,ENA#1和ENA#3均购于日本东京,原产地中国。另外,选取德国产A4纸样(机械木浆,非手工纸),作为对比材料,编号A4。
以往的古纸研究普遍认为经过涂布的纸张,其纤维之间应分布大量矿物颗
扫描CT是一种非破坏性的三维成像技术。其基本原理是:当X射线透过样本时,样本的各个部位对X射线的吸收率不同,从而产生CT图像中的对比度变化,基于这些变化,可以重现样本内部的显微结构。具体到纸张可以理解为:当X射线透过纸张时,纸张纤维和纸张表面的涂料层由于化学成分或密度不同,产生不同的X射线吸收,通过CT图像的灰度,可区分纤维层和涂料层,并能够揭示矿物颗粒在纤维中的分布状况。
扫描CT的考古学应用以无机质材料为主(例如青
本实验采用RX solution离体CT成像系统(EasyTom-High Resolution X-Ray Micro CT System,法国)。CT图像的分析在Amira三维视图软件(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国)中完成。扫描CT分析纸样的过程如下:①将纸样(可小至2 mm×2 mm)放入试管,并固定试管于样品台上(见

图1 扫描CT分析时的纸样放置方式

图2 蜡笺和冷金笺的表面显微结构

图3 手工生宣纸和竹纸的表面显微结构
综上认为,清代蜡笺和冷金笺的表面有经过涂布(以及施蜡施胶),而生宣纸和竹纸则未经过涂布处理。

图4 扫描CT图像重建蜡笺和冷金笺的剖面结构
空心箭头所指为涂层,实心箭头所指为纤维层。
作为对比,

图5 扫描CT图像重建近现代纸的剖面结构
纸样名 | 编号 | 平均厚度±标准差/μm | |
---|---|---|---|
涂层 (n=10) | 纤维层 (n=15) | ||
蜡笺 | QP | 17.3±6.5 | 117.3±8.0 |
冷金笺 | QR | 13.8±4.3 | 101.3±8.0 |
蜡笺 | QY | 19.3±4.9 | 77.6±8.3 |
生宣 | ENA#1 | 0 | 156.5±29.1 |
竹纸 | ENA#3 | 0 | 118.5±19.1 |
A4纸 | A4 | 0 | 47.6±3.1 |
使用拉曼光谱对蜡笺和冷金笺进行微区分析,从分子结构上确认涂料的种类。蜡笺和冷金笺显然经过着色处理,并可能上蜡和施胶,因此,拉曼分析也提供了颜(染)料、蜡、胶等信息。
拉曼分析揭示了黄色蜡笺QY所使用的白色涂料、黄色染料以及表层蜡的成分。

(a) 黄色蜡笺QY

(b) 黄色蜡笺QY
图6 蜡笺QY不同涂料部位的拉曼谱图
有研究指出,铅白与碳酸铅的拉曼谱图在低波数区(100~600 c

(a) 黄色蜡笺QY(蜡层)

(b) 天然蜂蜡
图7 蜡笺QY表面蜡层及其与天然蜂蜡的拉曼谱图
通过扫描CT和拉曼分析可以设想,蜡笺QY首先经过藤黄染色,之后在两面涂布铅白形成涂层,最后上蜡。这与前人蜡笺复制实验的认识一
拉曼分析揭示了紫红色蜡笺QP所使用的白色涂料、红色染料以及红色颜料,但未检出蜡的成分。

(a) 紫红色蜡笺QP(白色涂料+红色染料)

(b) 紫红色蜡笺QP(白色涂料+红色颜料)

(c) 紫红色蜡笺QP(红色染料)
图8 蜡笺QP不同涂料部位拉曼谱图
综上所述,蜡笺QP的纸张应该先经胭脂虫提取的染料染红,然后涂布铅白(或与铅丹颗粒混合)。同时拉曼分析未在蜡笺QP中发现蜡或胶。
利用拉曼光谱,分析深红色冷金笺QR不含金属箔片的部位,初步判别出白色涂料、红色颜料和红色染料,结果见

(a) 深红色冷金笺QR(白色涂料)

(b) 深红色冷金笺QR(红色颜料)

(c) 深红色冷金笺QR(红色染料)
图9 冷金笺QR不同涂料部位拉曼谱图
本研究首次将计算机显微断层扫描技术(Micro-Computed Tomography,简称扫描CT)和拉曼光谱联合应用于清代和近现代手工纸,以鉴别手工纸的涂层和涂料种类。
3.1 对古代和近现代纸样进行剖面结构观察,结果表明,两种蜡笺均为双面涂布纸,冷金笺为单面涂布纸,手工生宣纸和竹纸均未经过涂布。
3.2 根据拉曼分析,两种蜡笺纸均使用铅白作为涂料,冷金笺以高岭土作为涂料。显然,清代蜡笺所施的涂料不总是同一种物质,这或与蜡笺的产地和制作年代有关。另外,蜡笺或冷金笺的染色(染黄、染红)、上蜡、砑光不影响涂料的拉曼鉴别。
3.3 拉曼分析结果表明,黄色蜡笺的制作使用了蜂蜡,黄色和紫红色蜡笺分别使用藤黄、胭脂虫提取物进行染黄和染红,冷金笺可能使用茜草提取物染红。此外,紫红色蜡笺和深红色冷金笺还分别使用铅丹、朱砂作为呈色物质。
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